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History of Russian folk instruments in more than one century. From generation to generation, constantly modifying, perfecting the art of our ancestors hath revealed an integral part of their spiritual life. An example of this can fully serve a wonderful musical instrument, has long become a symbol of Russian folk art - the button accordion, garmoshka. Again and again turning their attention to it, and artists, and collectors of folklore.
In our turbulent times computerization peak electrical music instrument, rock culture, clubs often hear the questions and who now need a harmonica who is listening to who and what is on it? Is it irrevocably a thing of the past, has remained in memory as a tool by which dancing, singing, sadness, fun and fell in love with our grandparents? It is known that Russian folk instruments such as button accordion, domra, balalaika received wide recognition and become academic. They conducted training of music to high school, they created a vast repertoire. Harmonic, in spite of its mass popularity and still somehow appears as a "rare tool"
The button accordion, garmoshka - one of the most popular musical instruments. Its history goes back 200 years and consists of three main periods. The first - a period of (1780-1830 gg.), The second - a period of rapid development and improvement (1840-1920 gg.), The third - the period of mass distribution (1930 - present). The appearance of the button accordion was the result of long and persistent search for many musical artists and physicists, inventors, famous and ignorant, who worked in Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Italy and other countries at the turn of the 18-19 centuries. Their efforts were directed to create a new portable polyphonic instrument. The result was a whole family of pneumatic tools: harmonium, harmonica, hand and foot harmonics. Subsequently, a number of countries have varieties of harmonics, which are considered national instruments: England - concertina, Germany - bandaneon, Austria - accordion in Russia - the button accordion. In Russia, the harmonic spread very rapidly. This would seem to nemudreny tool soon outpaced other folk musical instruments and took the leading position in Russian musical culture. At first, primitive, which had a limited capacity due to the diatonic system, imperfections in the design and a small range, harmonic "in the short term ... has come a long way from toys, published the one chord, to the huge accordion, allowing to perform any work. " And no wonder. The accordion - a portable instrument, it can be easy to carry and even play it while walking. The main advantage of the accordion is that it replaces the whole orchestra: it can simultaneously carry out the melody and accompaniment. And all this can make a musician. Subsequently, the harmonica became an independent, very bright paint a colorful palette of folk music. Features of the formation of harmonics - a complex issue, which remains insufficiently developed to date. We turn to the history of the emergence of the first Russian harmonics. It is generally accepted that the time of appearance in Russia dates back to the first harmonics of a 30-mi years of the 19th century. Meanwhile, the first Russian harmonics were tiny bodies-positives when they are back in the 80s. 18th century, who lived at that time in St. Petersburg, Czech Frantisek Kirshnikom as the source of metal reeds were used. Unlike modern harmonics, air injection occurred not horizontal, and vertical movement of fur.
Russian button accordion garmoshka divided into two types according to the type of sound extraction: firstly, the accordion, which in tension and compression bellows every button when pressed makes a sound one and the same height, and, secondly, the button accordion garmoshka, whose pitch varies depending on the direction of the bellows. The first type includes such harmony as "livenka", "Russian wreath", "Hromka" (most common in our time). The second type - "talyanka", "cherepanka", "Tula", "Vyatka". You can divide the accordion-type keyboard, right, depending on the number of rows of buttons. The most common button accordion garmoshka in our time - two-row "Hromka," but there are also three-row instruments and instruments with a single row of buttons. Single-row accordion, "Tula", "livenka", "Vyatka", "talyanka" (short for "Italian" on the right keyboard buttons are 12-15, and on the left - three). Two-row accordion, "Russian wreath" (first-row), "Hromka." Automatic button accordion garmoshka.
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